Why do microorganisms produce antibiotics

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Afr J Biotechnol — Google Scholar. Mar Drugs Piddock LJ Teixobactin, the first of a new class of antibiotics discovered by iChip technology? However, the adverse effects and also appearance of bacterial or fungal resistances persuaded the investigators to study on natural products from microorganisms or herbal extracts to discover novel and safe lead compounds 9, It was not until with the discovery of penicillin, the first, best-known and most widely used antibiotic 13, 14 in by an English Bacteriologist, late Sir Alexander Fleming that the first clinical trials of penicillin were tried on humans.

This antibiotic was obtained from a blue green mould of the soil called Penicillium notatum. Penicillin was discovered accidentally in by Fleming, who showed its efficacy in laboratory cultures against many disease producing bacteria. This discovery marked the beginning of the development of antibacterial compounds produced by living organisms. Another antibiotic, streptomycin was isolated in by Waksman, a Microbiologist, from a species of soil bacteria, called Streptomyces griseus , particularly tubercle bacilli, and has proved to be very valuable against tuberculosis.

A vigorous search for more antibiotics was on at this time and in , another antibiotic, chloromycetin was discovered by Burkholder 14, It was isolated from S. It has a powerful action on a wide range of infectious bacteria both Gram positive and Gram negative.

Most of the peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus are active against Gram positive bacteria However, compounds such as polymyxin, colistin, and circulin exhibit activity almost exclusively upon Gram-negative forms, whereas bacillomycin, mycobacillin, and fungistatin are effective agents against molds and yeasts As more antibiotics were discovered, designed and studied, scientists found that they had different properties. Some of these properties include their source, range of activity and their kinds.

These were used to classify those The objective of the present study is production, extraction and assay of antimicrobial metabolites from bacterial, fungal and Streptomyces isolates using soil as source. Isolation and screening of microbial isolates: In the present study, soil sprinkle technique was used to isolate antibiotic producing bacilli. Antibiotic activity was checked by zone of inhibition, surrounding a colony. Different colonies having zones of inhibition were picked and streaked on separate nutrient agar plates to get pure cultures.

These isolates were used as the source of antibiotic producing microbes. The soil fungi were isolated by both the Direct Soil Inoculation and the Soil Dilution Techniques using the pour plate method. Pure cultures of fungal isolates were identified using both macroscopic cultural and microscopic morpho-logical features with reference to Barnett and Hunter For Streptomyces, 1g of the soil were suspended in ml of physiological water NaCl 8. Mixtures were allowed to settle, and serial dilutions up to 10 -5 were prepared using sterile physiological water and agitated with the vortex at maximum speed.

An aliquot of 0. The media are added to antibiotic to inhibit bacterial and fungal contamination, respectively. Plates were incubated at 28 o and 37 o C and monitored after 48, 72, and 96 h. Repeated streaking on starch casein agar plates led to purify bacterial colonies that showed an actinomycetes like appearance.

The isolated strains are preserved at 4 o C during two months and maintained for longer period by serial subculture. Pure cultures of fungal isolates were identified using both macroscopic cultural and microscopic morphological features with reference to Barnett and Hunter For Streptomyces, a medium containing 10 g of yeast extract per liter and 10 g of glucose per liter and pH 7.

The media used for morphological characterization of strain were those described by Shirling and Gottlieb Inoculum preparation: The inoculum of Bacillus species, identified as Bacillus subtilis , selected on the basis of maximum activity against the test organisms, was prepared in Tryptic Soy broth pH7.

The fungus was sub-cultured on PDA plates and incubated at 30 0 C for days to obtain the spores used for antibiotics production. Spores were washed into a sterile beaker using 0. The spore suspension was standardized such that 1 in 10 dilutions has an absorbance of 0. Antibiotic production condition and Purification: Shake flask fermentation method was used for bacterial antibiotic production. Occurrence, distribution and potential affecting factors of antibiotics in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China.

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You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Stephen Y Gbedema. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Reprints and Permissions. Tawiah, A. BMC Microbiol 12, Download citation. Received : 20 February Accepted : 27 September Published : 16 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Microorganisms have provided a wealth of metabolites with interesting activities such as antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer.

Conclusion This study has therefore uncovered the potential of water bodies in the West African sub-region as reservoirs of potent bioactive metabolite producing microorganisms. Background Throughout the ages, natural products have been the most consistently successful source of lead compounds that have found many applications in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. Screening of isolated microorganisms for inhibitory activity The isolates were screened for antibacterial metabolite production using the agar-well diffusion method.

Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of isolates against the test microorganisms employed Full size table. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3.